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1. Deliberately breaking a fast during Ramadan
This applies when a person:
- Knows they are fasting
- Deliberately breaks the fast
- Has no valid excuse
- Does so during Ramadan
2. Breaking a sworn oath or vow
This applies when a person:
- Swears by Allah
- Or makes a binding vow
- Then knowingly breaks it
3. Certain violations during Ḥajj or ʿUmrah
Some deliberate violations of ihram rules require Kaffarah, such as:
- Shaving the head without excuse
- Wearing stitched clothing
- Applying perfume deliberately
The form of Kaffarah depends on the violation and may involve:
- Fasting
- Feeding the poor
Or offering an animal sacrifice